The River Basin

	Introduction
	Geography
	Basin Landscape
	Geomorphology
	Relief
	Geology
	Soils
	Soils of the Orange-Senqu River Basin
	Mineral Reserves
	Vegetation/Landcover
	Basins of Southern Africa
	River Basin and IWRM
	Climate and Weather
	Principles of Climate and Meteorology
	Hydrologic Cycle
	Climate Variability
	Climate Classification
	Water Scarcity
	Drought
	Climate of the Orange-Senqu River Basin
	The Regional Climate
	Climatic Patterns
	Climatic Classification
	Water Scarcity in the Basin
	Drought in the Basin
	Climate Change
	Climate Change in southern Africa
	Climate Change Downscaling
	Water for the Future Report
	Hydrology
	Principles of Hydrology
	Water Cycle
	Surface Water
	Streams and Rivers
	Lakes and Reservoirs
	Flooding
	Groundwater
	SW/GW Interactions
	Water Balance
	Hydrology of the Orange-Senqu River Basin
	Surface Water
	Groundwater
	SADC Hydrogeological Mapping Project
	Water Use/Water Balance
	Monitoring Flow
	Water Quality
	Principles of Water Quality
	Water Temperature
	Dissolved Oxygen
	pH
	Total Dissolved Solids and Conductivity
	Suspended Sediment
	Salinity
	Hardness
	Nutrients
	Metals
	Biological Water Quality Parameters
	Spiritual Meaning of Water
	Human Impacts to Water Quality
	Salinity
	Water Temperature
	Microbiological Pollution
	Eutrophication
	Microcystines
	EDCs and POPs
	Acidity, Heavy Metals and Radionuclides
	The Legacy of Gold Mining
	Coal Mining and water
	Solutions
	Heavy Metals
	Radio-Nuclides
	Groundwater Quality
	Water Quality Fitness for Use
	Ecology and Biodiversity
	Ecology
	Aquatic Ecology
	Building Blocks
	Aquatic Habitats
	In the Basin
	Life in Aquatic Ecosystems
	Food Chains and Webs
	Biomass and Production
	Classification of Organisms
	Microorganisms
	Plants
	Invertebrates
	Vertebrates
	Fish Species
	Factors Affecting Ecosystems
	Wetlands
	Function of Wetlands
	Biodiversity
	Biodiversity in the Basin
	Endemic Species
	Alien Invasive Species
	Biodiversity Resources
	Terrestial Biomes and Eco-regions
	Human Impacts
	Laws and Policies
	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
	References

send a comment

Geography: Soils:

Soils of the Orange-Senqu River Basin

There are two main dominant soil types that can be found in the areas of the Orange Senqu river basin:

1. Mountain Black Clay - These types of clays are usually shallow at high altitude and are easily eroded by surface runoff, cultivation and overgrazing.

2. The remaining larger portion of the Orange-Senqu River basin is covered by sands or weakly developed soils (UNDP-GEF 2008).

As a result of low vegetation cover and poor land management practices, the Orange-Senqu River basin is prone to soil erosion and land degradation. The map below provides a summary of the distribution of dominant soil types across the basin. A table summarising the major soil types and their distribution is also provided at the bottom of the page.

Soil map of the Orange-Senqu River basin (no data for Lesotho)

Source:ISRIC World Soil Information Database 2003

( click to enlarge )

Table: Dominant Soil Types in the Orange-Senqu River

Name	Description	Distribution
Aeronosols	Sandy soils, developed from weathering of quartz-rich material or rock. Loamy sandy consistency up to approximately 100 cm depth. Less than 35 % rock fragment. Parent material unconsolidated calcareous or sandstone rocks. Code: AR	Particularly in the northern ephemeral river basin
Leptosols	Shallow soils found over continuous stony/gravelly rock and soils. Parent materials are various, with fine earth volumes of less than 20 %. Code: LP	Lower Orange and Senqu river Basin.
Cambisols	are weakly or moderately developed soils found mainly in temperate regions, but do occur all over the world, commonly on Pleistocene or other parent rock material Code: CB	Dominant in the vall and upper orange river basins.
Luvisols	Soils with a higher clay content in the lower horizons, that the upper horizons. Wide variety of different parent material types, including glacial, aeolian (wind-blown), alluvial (water-borne) or colluvial (gravity) deposits. Code: LV	Senqu and Vaal river basins.
Calsisols	are well-drained soils with fine to medium texture and an accumulation of secondary calcium carbonates, making them quite fertile. They are often used for grazing pasture. Code: CL	Vaal and ephemeral river basins.
Lixisols	Lixisols comprise soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon	Dominant in the Vaal river basin.
Regosols	A group of Weakly developed mineral soils originating fromunconsolidated material that do not conform to other classes. Code: RG	Ephemeral and lower orange rive basins.
Vertisols	Heavy, churning (internally moving) clay soils that include clay minerals that swell with water, resulting in large cracks when dry. Code: VR	Vaal river Basin.
Solonchaks	Solonchaks are soils that have a high concentration of soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks are largely confined to the arid and semi-arid climate zones	sparse distribution in all the basins of the oramge except for th vaal basin.
Acrisols	Soils with higher clay content in the subsurface than upper portions. Parent materials include strongly weathered acidrocks and weathered clays that are degrading. . Code: AC	Ephemeral rivers and the vaal river basin.
Plinthosols	Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other productsof strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz. Code:PT	Found in the Vaal river basin.
Solontz	Solonetz are soils with a dense, strongly structured, clayey subsurface horizon that have a high proportion of adsorbed Na and/or Mg ions Code: SL.	Senqu and Vaal river Basins.
Phaeozoms	Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Code: PZ	Senqu and Vaal river basins.
Planosols	Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation. Code: PL	Senqu and Vaal river basins.
Fluvisols	Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits Code: FL	Upper Orange River Basin.
Ferrasols	Ferralsols represent the classical, deeply weathered, red or yellow soils of the humid tropics. Code: FR	Vaal Basin.
Nitisols	Nitisols are deep, well-drained, red, tropical soils. more than 30 percent clay and moderate to strong angular blocky structure elements that easily fall apart into characteristic shiny, polyhedric (nutty) element. Code: NT	Vaal River Basin

Adapted from FAO 2004; IUSS 2006

Soil Erosion and Degradation

In 1990, UNEP conducted a Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD), which produced as one of its outputs, a global dataset of human induced soil degradation. Although the application of this data at river basin scale provides a relatively coarse and somewhat out of date result; in the absence of any other consistent basin-wide assessment, it provides a preliminary insight into the state of the soils of the Orange-Senqu River basin.